2025 OCR A Level Classical Civilisation Paper 34 and Mark Scheme Combined (H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians)

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2025 OCR A Level Classical Civilisation Paper 34 and Mark Scheme Combined (H408/34 Democracy and the Athenians)

H408/34 is one of the “Beliefs and Ideas” components in the OCR A‑Level Classical Civilisation course.
The focus of the course is to examine the concept of democracy as practised in ancient Athens: how and why Athenian democracy developed, what it meant to Athenians, how it functioned, and both its strengths and its criticisms.
Students study earlier and foundational reforms (e.g. those of Solon and Cleisthenes) that laid the groundwork for democracy — including political and institutional innovations, and how these reshaped Athenian society and identity.
The component also explores 5th‑century developments: further reforms (e.g. by Ephialtes and Pericles), changes to institutions such as the Areopagus, payment for office, citizenship laws, and the role of the Athenian Empire — all of which contributed to how democracy evolved in Athens.
Finally, students study Athenian democracy not just as a polished ideal, but as a living system — including its uses, limitations, and criticisms — through ancient sources (history, political writing, drama, satire).

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Author	Proficient Academic Tutor
Published	08 Dec 2025
Included files	PDF
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